Neurocognitive disorders
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS FOR DEMENTIA
Are cynical people more likely to develop dementia? According to a new study in Neurology, the journal of the American Academy of Neurology, the answer is “yes”. The study said to be the first to exclusively examine the link between cynicism and dementia, is just one of many to explore the psychological risk factors for Alzheimer’s and other dementias. One of the most well-known of these long-term studies comes from David A. Bennett, director of the Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center at Rush Medical College in Chicago, Illinois. Bennett’s study, along with a number of subsequent investigations, established that neuroticism, depression, social isolation, and other social traits are all risk factors for Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia. On the flip side, advanced education, organizational skills, conscientiousness, and other positive traits have been shown to offer protection against dementia and cognitive decline.
Old age forget fullness
Many older people worry about becoming more forgetful. They think forgetfulness is the first sign of Alzheimer’s disease. In the past, memory loss and confusion were considered a normal part of aging. However, scientists now know that most people remain both alert and able as they age, although it may take them longer to remember things.
A lot of people experience memory lapses. Some memory problems are serious, and others are not. People who have serious changes in their memory, personality, and behavior may suffer from a form of brain disease called dementia. Dementia seriously affects a person’s ability to carry out daily activities. Alzheimer’s disease is one of many types of dementia.
The term dementia describes a group of symptoms that are caused by changes in brain function. Dementia symptoms may include asking the same questions repeatedly; becoming lost in familiar places; being unable to follow directions; getting disoriented about time, people, and places; and neglecting personal safety, hygiene, and nutrition. People with dementia lose their abilities at different rates. Dementia is caused by many conditions. Some conditions that cause dementia can be reversed, and others cannot. Further, many different medical conditions may cause symptoms that seem like Alzheimer’s disease but are not. Some of these medical conditions may be treatable. Reversible conditions can be caused by a high fever, dehydration, vitamin deficiency and poor nutrition, bad reactions to medicines, problems with the thyroid gland, or a minor head injury. Medical conditions like these can be serious and should be treated by a doctor as soon as possible.
Sometimes older people have emotional problems that can be mistaken for dementia. Feeling sad, lonely, worried, or bored may be more common for older people facing retirement or coping with the death of a spouse, relative, or friend. Adapting to these changes leaves some people feeling confused or forgetful. Emotional problems can be eased by supportive friends and family, or by professional help from a doctor or counselor.
The two most common forms of dementia in older people are Alzheimer’s disease and multi-infarct dementia (sometimes called vascular dementia). These types of dementia are irreversible, which means they cannot be cured. In Alzheimer’s disease, nerve cell changes in certain parts of the brain result in the death of a large number of cells. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease begin slowly and become steadily worse. As the disease progresses, symptoms range from mild forgetfulness to serious impairments in thinking, judgment, and the ability to perform daily activities. Eventually, patients may need total care.
In multi-infarct dementia, a series of strokes or changes in the brain’s blood supply may result in the death of brain tissue. The location in the brain where the strokes occur and the severity of the strokes determine the seriousness of the problem and the symptoms that arise. Symptoms usually begin abruptly and progress in a step-wise fashion with repeated strokes. At this time, there is no way to reverse the damage that has already been caused by a stroke. However, treatment to prevent further strokes is very important.